Frost

Frost is basically frozen dew that crystallises on turfgrass leaves, making it brittle and hard. A single grass plant leaf consists of 90 percent water, therefore this also freezes when air temperatures fall below freezing (0 C).

Walking on frost covered turf causes the plant to break and cell walls to rupture. This in turn, decreases its ability to function normally. Damage to the plants crown can lead to turfgrass death and turfgrass thinning. Gaps left within the turfgrass sward at this time of year, can lead to a loss of canopy density. This in turn can lead Poa annua and weed ingress, leading to reduced quality surfaces both in the short and long term.

The visible signs of frost damage may not be seen instantly but generally after 48 to 72 hours, when leaves turn a pale brown. Frost damage can be greatly enhanced on putting surfaces due to their lower height of cut. All types of turfgrass are susceptible to frost damage and so are all playing surfaces, whether that be a soccer pitch, bowling green, golf course fairway or even a temporary green.

After prolonged periods of frost and increases in air temperature, turfgrass leaves may defrost, though the rootzone can remain frozen. To an untrained eye, playing surfaces may appear to be fit for play. This is probably one of the most dangerous times to walk and play on the surfaces. Root shear/break can occur when the turf is walked upon. The dragging action of foot traffic on the unfrozen tops of the surfaces, in conjunction with a frozen soil, can lead to snapping/damaging of the turfgrass roots. As a result, this can lead to severe turfgrass damage and even death, with a knock on effect of poor, thin and weak surfaces going forward.

Course protection measures during frosty periods should be high on any clubs agenda. Patience at this time of year, will ultimately lead to less winter damage, in conjunction with superior playing and agronomic conditions, for the main season ahead.